What are closing costs?
Closing costs are the fees and prepaid expenses due when a property purchase completes — everything beyond the down payment itself. In the US they typically total 2–5% of the home price and are paid by the buyer at the closing table. They fall into three buckets: lender fees (origination, appraisal, credit checks), third-party fees (title search and insurance, attorney or settlement fees, recording charges, inspections) and prepaids (the first year’s homeowner’s insurance and several months of property tax, collected upfront into escrow).
How to reduce them
Start by comparing Loan Estimates from at least three lenders — origination fees vary enormously and are negotiable. You can also ask the seller for closing-cost credits as part of your offer, though this is easier in a buyer’s market. “No-closing-cost” mortgages are not really free: the lender simply charges a higher interest rate instead, which costs more if you keep the loan long-term. Finally, some fees are fixed by third parties, but it never hurts to ask your lender which lines are negotiable — many are.
A note for UK readers
The UK equivalent costs are structured differently: expect Stamp Duty Land Tax (tiered by price, with first-time buyer relief), solicitor or conveyancer fees (roughly £1,000–£2,000), a mortgage arrangement fee, and survey costs. Use the currency switcher above and treat the itemised US-style breakdown as indicative only.